A25FC .. DXpedition ..
QRV 14 april till 18 april 2011
BOTSWANA
Schema FREQUENTIES en MODES
more info......
www.filipstattooshop.be/botswana
QSL-info A25FC
via: ON4CJK
73's Luc - ON8CL -
Posts tonen met het label HAM. Alle posts tonen
Posts tonen met het label HAM. Alle posts tonen
23 aug 2010
Cultuur markten Oostende mei 2010
- Pictures -CULTURE MARKET
.
may 2010 at Ostend
with demonstrations of
may 2010 at Ostend
with demonstrations of
.
CW, SSB and BPSK-31
CW, SSB and BPSK-31
.
73's Luc - on3cl -
29 dec 2009
14 jun 2009
C91FC ... C 9 1 F C
C91FC ... DXpedition ... QRV van 9 april tot 13 april
Schema FREQUENTIES en MODES
more info...... WWW.C91FC.BE
QSL-info C91FC
via: ON4CJK - José Duyck
Molenakker 56 .. B-8740 Egem .. Belgium
73's Luc - ON3CL -
6 mrt 2009
UBA congres 2009
AV UBA 2009
Ontwerp affiche ON3WH-WalterUBA-congres 2009 te Oostende. De AlgemeneVergadering-UBA gaat door in de gebouwen van de KHBO-Oostende op 9 mei. Met lezingen en DEMO-standen die het zendamateurisme in de kijker plaatsen. Allen welkom op de AV-UBA, zowel leden als niet-leden. Een organisatie van de OST-RACOO-leden......
73's van Luc - ON3CL -
9 aug 2008
The RST-code
The RST (Readability-Strength-Tone) code
The RST System of Signal Reporting has been used for years (circa 1934) as a shorthand method of reporting Readability, Signal Strength and for CW, Tone (i.e., quality of the CW tone). For voice contacts only the R and S are used. The S component is usually not the same as your S-Meter reading as most S-Meters aren't calibrated to track the RST System. The RST is also reported on QSL Cards and must be filled in correctly -- e.g., a 569 report for a Voice Contact is invalid. Note that many DX operations and contest stations merely report 59(9) as a convenience to avoid having to log each of the real reports. A questionable practice but a fact of DXing - Contesting.
The RST System of Signal Reporting has been used for years (circa 1934) as a shorthand method of reporting Readability, Signal Strength and for CW, Tone (i.e., quality of the CW tone). For voice contacts only the R and S are used. The S component is usually not the same as your S-Meter reading as most S-Meters aren't calibrated to track the RST System. The RST is also reported on QSL Cards and must be filled in correctly -- e.g., a 569 report for a Voice Contact is invalid. Note that many DX operations and contest stations merely report 59(9) as a convenience to avoid having to log each of the real reports. A questionable practice but a fact of DXing - Contesting.
READABILITY
1 -- Unreadable
2 -- Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable
3 -- Readable with considerable difficulty
4 -- Readable with practically no difficulty
5 -- Perfectly readable
SIGNAL STRENGTH
1 -- Faint signals, barely perceptible
2 -- Very weak signals
3 -- Weak signals
4 -- Fair signals
5 -- Fairly good signals
6 -- Good signals
7 -- Moderately strong signals
8 -- Strong signals
9 -- Extremely strong signals
TONE
1 -- Sixty cycle a.c. or less, very rough and broad
2 -- Very rough a.c. , very harsh and broad
3 -- Rough a.c. tone, rectified but not filtered
4 -- Rough note, some trace of filtering
5 -- Filtered rectified a.c.but strongly ripple-modulated
6 -- Filtered tone, definite trace of ripple modulation
7 -- Near pure tone, trace of ripple modulation
8 -- Near perfect tone, slight trace of modulation
9 -- Perfect tone, no trace of ripple or modulation of any kind
Infrequently used is the addition of a letter to the end of the 3 numbers. These are:
X = the signal is rock steady like a crystal controlled signal;
C = the signal is chirpy as the frequency varies slightly with keying;
K = the signal has key clicks.
X is from the early days of radio when such steady signals were rare. Today most all signals could be given an X but it is hardly ever used.
It is helpful to report a chirpy or clicky signal by using the C or K, e.g. 579C or 579K.
It is very common to send RST reports in abbreviated form, for example 599, is sent as 5NN. "N" in place of the number "9".
Also another time saver is for the zero using a long "T". "T" is sent in place of the number zero as in "POWER HR IS 3TT WATTS".
There is a number code for all numbers, however, the N and T codes are the most common ones. Also CW stations sometimes report their zones as "A4" or "A5" instead of sending "14" or "15".
1 = A
2 = U
3 = V
4 = 4
5 = E
6 = 6
7 = B
8 = D
9 = N
0 = T
73's and good dx !
22 mei 2008
GLOSSARY of
communications ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS
A
ANTENNA— A device used to radiate or receive radio waves.
ANTENNA COUPLER— A device used for impedance matching (tuning) between an antenna and a transmitter or receiver.
ANTENNA RECIPROCITY— The ability of an antenna to both transmit and receive electromagnetic energy.
ANTENNA TUNING— The process where an antenna is electrically “matched” to the output frequency and impedance of the transmitter.
ASWIXS— Antisubmarine Warfare Information Exchange Subsystem.
ASWOC— Antisubmarine Warfare Operations Center.
ATTENUATION— A deliberate reduction or an unintended loss in RF signal strength
AZ— Azimuth.
B
BANDWIDTH— Any section of the frequency spectrum occupied by specific signals.
BIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates in or receives most of its energy from only two directions.
BLACK— Cipher text or encrypted text or information
C
CARRIER— The unmodulated signal originally produced in the oscillator section of a tx.
CARRIER FREQUENCY— The final RF output without modulation. The assigned tx frequency.
CAT— Communications assistance team.
CHANNEL— A carrier frequency assignment, usually with a fixed bandwidth.
COMPLEX WAVE— A transmitted radio signal composed of different frequencies.
CONUS— Continental United States.
COUNTERPOISE— The ground plane, or reflective surface, comprising an antenna’s reflected image at a given wavelength.
CRITICAL FREQUENCY— The highest transmitted frequency that can be propagated directly upward and still be bent, or “refracted,” back to Earth.
CUDIXS— Common User Digital Information Exchange System.
CW— Continuous wave (Morse code).
CYCLE— Two complete alternations of alternating current, or one complete revolution in any period of time, equal to 360°.
D
DAMA (DEMAND ASSIGNED MULTIPLE ACCESS SUBSYSTEM)— Subsystem that multiplexes several subsystems on one satellite channel.
dc— Direct current.
DIFFRACTION— The bending of radio waves around the edges of a solid objector dense mass. DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates or receives radio waves more effectively in some directions than in others.
DIRECTIVITY— The sharpness or narrowness of an antenna’s radiation pattern in a given plan.
DIRECT WAVE— A radio signal that travels in a direct line-of-sight path from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna.
DSB— Double-side band.
DSCS— Defense Satellite Communications System.
DUMMY LOAD— A nonradiating device used at the end of a transmission line in place of an antenna for tuning a transmitter, The dummy load converts transmitted energy into heat so that no energy is radiated outward or reflected back.
E
EHF (EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 30 GHz to 300 GHz.
ELECTRIC FIELD— A field produced as a result of a voltage charge on an antenna. ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY— An RF source composed of both an electric and a magnetic field.
A
ANTENNA— A device used to radiate or receive radio waves.
ANTENNA COUPLER— A device used for impedance matching (tuning) between an antenna and a transmitter or receiver.
ANTENNA RECIPROCITY— The ability of an antenna to both transmit and receive electromagnetic energy.
ANTENNA TUNING— The process where an antenna is electrically “matched” to the output frequency and impedance of the transmitter.
ASWIXS— Antisubmarine Warfare Information Exchange Subsystem.
ASWOC— Antisubmarine Warfare Operations Center.
ATTENUATION— A deliberate reduction or an unintended loss in RF signal strength
AZ— Azimuth.
B
BANDWIDTH— Any section of the frequency spectrum occupied by specific signals.
BIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates in or receives most of its energy from only two directions.
BLACK— Cipher text or encrypted text or information
C
CARRIER— The unmodulated signal originally produced in the oscillator section of a tx.
CARRIER FREQUENCY— The final RF output without modulation. The assigned tx frequency.
CAT— Communications assistance team.
CHANNEL— A carrier frequency assignment, usually with a fixed bandwidth.
COMPLEX WAVE— A transmitted radio signal composed of different frequencies.
CONUS— Continental United States.
COUNTERPOISE— The ground plane, or reflective surface, comprising an antenna’s reflected image at a given wavelength.
CRITICAL FREQUENCY— The highest transmitted frequency that can be propagated directly upward and still be bent, or “refracted,” back to Earth.
CUDIXS— Common User Digital Information Exchange System.
CW— Continuous wave (Morse code).
CYCLE— Two complete alternations of alternating current, or one complete revolution in any period of time, equal to 360°.
D
DAMA (DEMAND ASSIGNED MULTIPLE ACCESS SUBSYSTEM)— Subsystem that multiplexes several subsystems on one satellite channel.
dc— Direct current.
DIFFRACTION— The bending of radio waves around the edges of a solid objector dense mass. DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates or receives radio waves more effectively in some directions than in others.
DIRECTIVITY— The sharpness or narrowness of an antenna’s radiation pattern in a given plan.
DIRECT WAVE— A radio signal that travels in a direct line-of-sight path from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna.
DSB— Double-side band.
DSCS— Defense Satellite Communications System.
DUMMY LOAD— A nonradiating device used at the end of a transmission line in place of an antenna for tuning a transmitter, The dummy load converts transmitted energy into heat so that no energy is radiated outward or reflected back.
E
EHF (EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 30 GHz to 300 GHz.
ELECTRIC FIELD— A field produced as a result of a voltage charge on an antenna. ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY— An RF source composed of both an electric and a magnetic field.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES— Energy produced at the output of a transmitter; also called radio waves
EL— Elevation
EMCON— Emission control.
F
FADING— Variation, usually gradual, in the field strength of a radio signal that is caused by changes in the transmission path or medium.
FDM— Frequency division multiplexing.
FDMA— Frequency division multiple access.
FDX— Full duplex.
FEED POINT— The point on an antenna at which the RF cable that carries the signal from the transmitter is connected.
FFN— Fleet flash net.
FLTCINC— Fleet Commander-in-Chief.
FLTSATCOM— FM satellite communications.
FOT (FREQUENCY OF OPTIMUM TRANSMISSION)— The most reliable frequency for propagation at a specific time.
FREQUENCY— The number of complete cycles per unit of time.
FREQUENCY DIVERSITY— The method in which the information signal is transmitted and received on two separate radio frequencies simultaneously to take advantage of the fact that fading does not occur simultaneously on different frequencies.
FSB— Fleet satellite broadcast.
FSK (FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING)— The process of shifting the incident carrier above and below the carrier frequency to correspond to the marks and spaces of a teleprinter signal.
G
GAIN— An increase in signal strength.
GHz (GIGAHERTZ)— A unit of frequency equal to 1000 megahertz.
GMT— Greenwich Mean Time
GROUND— A term used to denote a common electrical point of zero potential.
GROUND-PLANE ANTENNA— A type of antenna that uses aground plane (a metallic surface) as a simulated ground to produce low-angle radiation.
H
HALF-WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA— A common type of half-wave antenna made from a straight piece of wire cut in half. Each half operates at a quarter of the wavelength It is normally omnidirectional with no gain.
HDX— Half duplex.
HERO— Hazardous electromagnetic radiation.
Hz (HERTZ)— A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.
HERTZ ANTENNA— An ungrounded half-wave antenna that is installed some distance above ground and positioned either vertically or horizontally.
HF (HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 3MHz to 30MHz
HPA— High Power amplifier.
I
IF— Intermediate frequency.
IMPEDANCE— The total opposition to the flow of alternating current
INCIDENT WAVE— The RF energy that travels from the transmitter to the antenna for radiation.
EL— Elevation
EMCON— Emission control.
F
FADING— Variation, usually gradual, in the field strength of a radio signal that is caused by changes in the transmission path or medium.
FDM— Frequency division multiplexing.
FDMA— Frequency division multiple access.
FDX— Full duplex.
FEED POINT— The point on an antenna at which the RF cable that carries the signal from the transmitter is connected.
FFN— Fleet flash net.
FLTCINC— Fleet Commander-in-Chief.
FLTSATCOM— FM satellite communications.
FOT (FREQUENCY OF OPTIMUM TRANSMISSION)— The most reliable frequency for propagation at a specific time.
FREQUENCY— The number of complete cycles per unit of time.
FREQUENCY DIVERSITY— The method in which the information signal is transmitted and received on two separate radio frequencies simultaneously to take advantage of the fact that fading does not occur simultaneously on different frequencies.
FSB— Fleet satellite broadcast.
FSK (FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING)— The process of shifting the incident carrier above and below the carrier frequency to correspond to the marks and spaces of a teleprinter signal.
G
GAIN— An increase in signal strength.
GHz (GIGAHERTZ)— A unit of frequency equal to 1000 megahertz.
GMT— Greenwich Mean Time
GROUND— A term used to denote a common electrical point of zero potential.
GROUND-PLANE ANTENNA— A type of antenna that uses aground plane (a metallic surface) as a simulated ground to produce low-angle radiation.
H
HALF-WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA— A common type of half-wave antenna made from a straight piece of wire cut in half. Each half operates at a quarter of the wavelength It is normally omnidirectional with no gain.
HDX— Half duplex.
HERO— Hazardous electromagnetic radiation.
Hz (HERTZ)— A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.
HERTZ ANTENNA— An ungrounded half-wave antenna that is installed some distance above ground and positioned either vertically or horizontally.
HF (HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 3MHz to 30MHz
HPA— High Power amplifier.
I
IF— Intermediate frequency.
IMPEDANCE— The total opposition to the flow of alternating current
INCIDENT WAVE— The RF energy that travels from the transmitter to the antenna for radiation.
INDUCTION FIELD— The electromagnetic field produced around an antenna when current and voltage are present on the antenna.
K
kHz (KILOHERTZ)— A unit of frequency equal to 1000 hertz.
L
LEASAT— Leased satellite.
LF (LOW FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 30kHz to 300kHz.
LNA— Low noise amplifier.
LOS— Line of sight.
LP— Log-periodic antenna.
LPI— Low probability of intercept.
LSTDM— Low speed time division multiplexer.
LUF (LOWEST USABLE FREQUENCY)— The lowest frequency that can be used at a specific time for ionospheric propagation of radio waves between two specified points.
M
MAGNETIC FIELD— One of the fields produced when current flows through a conductor or an antenna.
K
kHz (KILOHERTZ)— A unit of frequency equal to 1000 hertz.
L
LEASAT— Leased satellite.
LF (LOW FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 30kHz to 300kHz.
LNA— Low noise amplifier.
LOS— Line of sight.
LP— Log-periodic antenna.
LPI— Low probability of intercept.
LSTDM— Low speed time division multiplexer.
LUF (LOWEST USABLE FREQUENCY)— The lowest frequency that can be used at a specific time for ionospheric propagation of radio waves between two specified points.
M
MAGNETIC FIELD— One of the fields produced when current flows through a conductor or an antenna.
MARCONI ANTENNA— A quarter-wave antenna that is operated with one end grounded; it is positioned perpendicular to the Earth.
MHz (MEGAHERTZ)— A unit of frequency equal to l,000,000 hertz.
MF (MEDIUM FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 300kHz to 3MHz.
MIRROR IMAGE— The part of the radiated signal of a quarter-wave antenna (Marconi antenna) appearing to come from an underground image of the real antenna. This image is also called ground reflection.
MHz (MEGAHERTZ)— A unit of frequency equal to l,000,000 hertz.
MF (MEDIUM FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 300kHz to 3MHz.
MIRROR IMAGE— The part of the radiated signal of a quarter-wave antenna (Marconi antenna) appearing to come from an underground image of the real antenna. This image is also called ground reflection.
MODULATED WAVE— The wave that results after the information from the modulating signal is impressed onto the carrier signal. The wave that is transmitted
MODULATION— The process of adding, or superimposing, information on an RF carrier wave. MUF (MAXIMUM USABLE FREQUENCY)— The highest operating frequency that can be used at a specific time for successful radio communications between two points.
N
NATO— North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
NAVCOMTELSTA— Naval Computer and Tele- communications station.
NAVMACS— Naval Modular Automated Com- munications System.
NCTAMS— Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station.
NCTS— Naval Computer and Telecommunications stations.
NECOS— Net control station.
O
OMNIDIRECTlONAL ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates or receives equally well in all directions, except directly off the ends.
ORESTES— Teleprinter subsystem.
OSCILLATOR— An electrical circuit that generates alternating current at a particular frequency.
OTAR— Over-the-air relay.
OTAT— Over-the-air transfer.
OTC— Officer in tatical command.
OTCIXS— Officer in Tactical Command Information Exchange Subsystem.
P
PARABOLIC ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates its signal back into a large reflecting surface (called the dish) for radiation.
PDT— Pacific Daylight Time
PERIOD (of a wave)— The time required to complete one cycle of a waveform.
POLARIZATION (of antennas)— The plane (horizontal or vertical) of the electric field as radiated from a transmitting antenna.
PRIS/S— Primary ship-shore.
PST— Pacific Standard Time (Note that during summer daylight saving time/summer time is observed, and PDT is used instead)
MODULATION— The process of adding, or superimposing, information on an RF carrier wave. MUF (MAXIMUM USABLE FREQUENCY)— The highest operating frequency that can be used at a specific time for successful radio communications between two points.
N
NATO— North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
NAVCOMTELSTA— Naval Computer and Tele- communications station.
NAVMACS— Naval Modular Automated Com- munications System.
NCTAMS— Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station.
NCTS— Naval Computer and Telecommunications stations.
NECOS— Net control station.
O
OMNIDIRECTlONAL ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates or receives equally well in all directions, except directly off the ends.
ORESTES— Teleprinter subsystem.
OSCILLATOR— An electrical circuit that generates alternating current at a particular frequency.
OTAR— Over-the-air relay.
OTAT— Over-the-air transfer.
OTC— Officer in tatical command.
OTCIXS— Officer in Tactical Command Information Exchange Subsystem.
P
PARABOLIC ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates its signal back into a large reflecting surface (called the dish) for radiation.
PDT— Pacific Daylight Time
PERIOD (of a wave)— The time required to complete one cycle of a waveform.
POLARIZATION (of antennas)— The plane (horizontal or vertical) of the electric field as radiated from a transmitting antenna.
PRIS/S— Primary ship-shore.
PST— Pacific Standard Time (Note that during summer daylight saving time/summer time is observed, and PDT is used instead)
PSK— Phase shift keying.
R
RADHAZ (RADIATION HAZARD)— Electromagnetic radiation hazard generated from electronic equipment.
RADIATION FIELD— The electromagnetic field that radiates from an antenna and travels through space.
RADIATION RESISTANCE— The resistance that, if inserted in place of an antenna, would consume the same amount of power that is radiated by the antenna.
RECIPROCITY— See antenna reciprocity.
RED— Plain text or unencrypted information
REFLECTED WAVE— An electromagnetic wave that travels back toward the transmitter from the antenna because of a mismatch in impedance between the two.
REFLECTION— Occurs when a radio wave strikes the Earth’s surface at some distance from the transmitting antenna and is returned upward toward the atmosphere.
RF (RADIO FREQUENCY)— A frequency in the range within which radio waves can be transmitted. Frequencies used for radio communication fall between 3kHz and 300GHz.
RF ENERGY— Radio frequency energy. Energy produced at the output of a transmitter.
RLP— Rotatable log-periodic antenna.
S
SATCOM (SATELLITE COMMUNICATION)— A type of worldwide, reliable, high-capacity, secure, and cost-effective telecommunications system utilizing satellites.
SAR— Search and air rescue.
SECVOX— Secure voice.
SHF (SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 3 GHz to 30 GHz. SIGNAL— Detectable transmitted energy that can be used to carry information.SLT— Second Life Time, ie: PST in winter, PDT in summer (in the Northern hemisphere, & vise versa in the Southern hemisphere)
SSB— Single-sideband.
SSIXS— Submarine Satellite Information Exchange Subsystem.
STANDING WAVES— The stationary waves that buildup along an antenna during radiation. SWITCHBOARD— Device that connects receiver outputs to numerous pieces of equipment.
SWR (STANDING-WAVE RATIO)— A term used to express the degree of resonance attained between the antenna and the transmission line when being tuned for transmission.
T
TACINTEL— Tactical intelligence system.
TADIXS— Tactical Data Information Exchange Subsystem.
TDM— Time division multiplexing.
TDMA— Time division multiple access.
TRANSMISSION LINE— A device designed to guide electrical or electromagnetic energy from one point to another.
U
UHF (ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 300 MHz to 3 GHz. UNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates in only one direction.
V
VHF (VERY HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 30 MHz to 300 MHz.
VLF (VERY LOW FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 3 kHz to 30 kHz.
VSWR— Voltage standing-wave ratio.
W
WAVEFORM— The shape of an electromagnetic wave.
WAVELENGTH— The distance traveled, in feet or meters, by a radio wave in the time required for one cycle.
R
RADHAZ (RADIATION HAZARD)— Electromagnetic radiation hazard generated from electronic equipment.
RADIATION FIELD— The electromagnetic field that radiates from an antenna and travels through space.
RADIATION RESISTANCE— The resistance that, if inserted in place of an antenna, would consume the same amount of power that is radiated by the antenna.
RECIPROCITY— See antenna reciprocity.
RED— Plain text or unencrypted information
REFLECTED WAVE— An electromagnetic wave that travels back toward the transmitter from the antenna because of a mismatch in impedance between the two.
REFLECTION— Occurs when a radio wave strikes the Earth’s surface at some distance from the transmitting antenna and is returned upward toward the atmosphere.
RF (RADIO FREQUENCY)— A frequency in the range within which radio waves can be transmitted. Frequencies used for radio communication fall between 3kHz and 300GHz.
RF ENERGY— Radio frequency energy. Energy produced at the output of a transmitter.
RLP— Rotatable log-periodic antenna.
S
SATCOM (SATELLITE COMMUNICATION)— A type of worldwide, reliable, high-capacity, secure, and cost-effective telecommunications system utilizing satellites.
SAR— Search and air rescue.
SECVOX— Secure voice.
SHF (SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 3 GHz to 30 GHz. SIGNAL— Detectable transmitted energy that can be used to carry information.SLT— Second Life Time, ie: PST in winter, PDT in summer (in the Northern hemisphere, & vise versa in the Southern hemisphere)
SSB— Single-sideband.
SSIXS— Submarine Satellite Information Exchange Subsystem.
STANDING WAVES— The stationary waves that buildup along an antenna during radiation. SWITCHBOARD— Device that connects receiver outputs to numerous pieces of equipment.
SWR (STANDING-WAVE RATIO)— A term used to express the degree of resonance attained between the antenna and the transmission line when being tuned for transmission.
T
TACINTEL— Tactical intelligence system.
TADIXS— Tactical Data Information Exchange Subsystem.
TDM— Time division multiplexing.
TDMA— Time division multiple access.
TRANSMISSION LINE— A device designed to guide electrical or electromagnetic energy from one point to another.
U
UHF (ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 300 MHz to 3 GHz. UNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA— An antenna that radiates in only one direction.
V
VHF (VERY HIGH FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 30 MHz to 300 MHz.
VLF (VERY LOW FREQUENCY)— The band of frequencies from 3 kHz to 30 kHz.
VSWR— Voltage standing-wave ratio.
W
WAVEFORM— The shape of an electromagnetic wave.
WAVELENGTH— The distance traveled, in feet or meters, by a radio wave in the time required for one cycle.
16 feb 2008
4 jan 2008
International code21 okt 2007
SPLIT-mode
Als je een DX-station hoort zeggen “up” of “listening up”, weet je dan wat je moet doen?
Laat ons veronderstellen dat je wat tijd over hebt en besluit om de banden eens af te zoeken naar een DX-station. En warempel na enige tijd van luisteren op de banden denk je in de prijzen te kunnen vallen. Maar wacht ...
Je hoort de DX-operator zeggen “listening up” of “working split” , wat moet je nu doen ?
Voor onervaren radio amateurs kan het een hele opgave zijn om dit DX-station te werken , zeker als je geen ervaring hebt in het split werken. Maar voor diegene die een paar simpele”trucjes” beheersen , kan het werken in split resulteren in een mooie DX-verbinding.
Waarom werken in split ?
Je moet eens luisteren naar gelijk welke DX pileup. Typisch is dat je veel stations hoort roepen naar de DX, de meesten zelfs zonder rekening te houden met het feit of het DX-station aan het luisteren of aan het zenden is. Dit continu aanroepen vormt nu net het probleem voor het DX-station. Alhoewel het DX-station een call identificeert en daarop antwoordt, zorgt het aanhoudend aanroepen door andere stations voor verwarring en chaos op de frequentie.
Het werken in split laat het DX-station toe om de aanroepende stations te spreiden over een groter stuk van het frequentiegebied. (Ik heb dit verder in de tekst het luisterbereik genoemd). Doordat de aanroepende stations en het DX-station nu werken op verschillende frequenties is het voor het DX-station gemakkelijker om er een call uit te pikken en horen de andere stations beter wie door het DX-station wordt aangeroepen.
Je zou gaan denken dat door split te werken het voor jou moeilijker wordt om de DX te werken. Je moet namelijk ervaring hebben en een strategie uitwerken om een contact te kunnen maken. Voor het DX-station echter is werken in split gemakkelijker want hij kan meer stations werken en zo een hogere QSO-rate halen. Met een beetje ervaring en een strategische aanpak zul je snel merken dat het eigenlijk niet zo moeilijk is om de DX te werken en dat het zelfs gemakkelijker is dan wanneer je door een pileup moet breken op een simplex frequentie.
In plaats van aan te roepen met hoog vermogen, kun je hier gebruik maken van je ervaring om het DX-station met succes te werken. Waar moet je aanroepen?
Veronderstel dat je een DX station hoort op 14.195 MHz. Het station meldt dat het luistert tussen 14.200 en 14.210 MHz. Hoe ga je dan te werk ?
14.205 ...DX zendt hier maar..!
14.210
14.200
14.195 ...luistert hier !
Je kunt bijvoorbeeld een frequentie in zijn luisterbereik kiezen en beginnen roepen. Als je één van de luidste signalen op de band hebt zal deze methode wel lukken. Dat kan enkele minuten uren duren, maar het DX-station zal je wel horen. Als je maar een gewoon station hebt en je wil het proces zelf wat onder controle houden, dan moet je het wat slimmer aan boord leggen.
In plaats van op goed geluk een frequentie uit te kiezen, is het beter eerst uit te zoeken waar het DX-station zal luisteren. Daarom moet je zelf eerst een tijdje luisteren. Als het DX-station een ander station werkt, verander dan snel van VFO en zoek het station dat momenteel wordt gewerkt. Als je dit station hebt gevonden dan creëer je een voordeel ten opzichte van de andere stations in de pileup. Terwijl tientallen of zelfs honderden stations blind blijven roepen in het luisterbereik van het DX-station, kun jij nu roepen op de frequentie waar het DX-station momenteel aan het luisteren is.
Zelfs met dit voordeel zul je niet de enige zijn die op deze frequentie zal aanroepen, anderen hebben ook dezelfde tactiek gevolgd en roepen natuurlijk ook op dezelfde frequentie. Daarom moeten we niet alleen achterhalen waar het DX-station momenteel aan het luisteren is, maar moeten we proberen te weten waar het zal luisteren voor zijn volgende contact. Met andere woorden, we moeten proberen het luisterpatroon van het DX-station te achterhalen.
De meeste DX-stations starten met luisteren onderaan het luisterbereik. In ons geval dus op 14.200 MHz. Naarmate er meer stations deze frequentie hebben gevonden en het voor de DX-operator dus moeilijker wordt om een callsign uit de pileup te halen, zal de DX-operator wat hoger tunen op zoek naar een minder druk bezette frequentie. In dit geval is voor ons de beste gok om te roepen juist boven de luisterfrequentie van het DX-station zodat we een kans maken op een verbinding zodra de DX-operator iets naar boven tuned om te luisteren.
Het luisterpatroon van de DX-operator is dus onze sleutel tot succes. De DX-operator sart aan de onderzijde van het luisterbereik (14.200 MHz) en schuift langzaam op naar boven(14.210 MHz). Andere DX-operatoren maken gebruik van slechts twee frequenties uit het luisterbereik en springen heen en weer tussen die frequenties.
Op die manier kun je weten waar je moet aanroepen en verhoog je je kansen om de verbinding te maken.
Sommige DX-operatoren volgen geen patroon en luisteren op willekeurige frequenties binnen het luisterbereik. In dat geval kun je niet anders dan ook een frequentie binnen het luisterbereik te kiezen en daar te roepen. Kies dan geen frequentie waar iedereen al zit te roepen , maar zoek voor een kalme plaats.
Door goed te luisteren en door het achterhalen van het luisterpatroon van het DX-station zul je zien dat het echt niet zo moeilijk is om door een split frequentie pileup te geraken.
Luc - ON3CL -
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